animation tutorials

AFX Extensions for Humanoid Animation

2011-11-17T21:06:00.000-08:00

The new Humanoid Animation Framework, defined by MPEG-4 SNHC (Preda,
2002; Preda & Prêteux, 2001) is defined as a biomechanical model in AFX and
is based on a rigid skeleton. The skeleton consists of bones, which are rigid
objects that can be transformed (rotated around specific joints), but not deformed.
Attached to the skeleton, a skin model is defined, which smoothly
follows any skeleton movement.
More specifically, defining a skinned model involves specifying its static and
dynamic (animation) properties. From a geometric point of view, a skinned model
consists of a single list of vertices, connected as an indexed face set. All the
shapes, which form the skin, share the same list of vertices, thus avoiding seams
at the skin level during animation. However, each skin facet can contain its own
set of color, texture and material attributes.
The dynamic properties of a skinned model are defined by means of a skeleton
and its properties. The skeleton is a hierarchical structure constructed from
bones, each having an influence on the skin surface. When bone position or
orientation changes, e.g., by applying a set of Body Animation Parameters,
specific skin vertices are affected. For each bone, the list of vertices affected
by the bone motion and corresponding weight values are provided. The weighting
factors can be specified either explicitly for each vertex or more compactly by
defining two influence regions (inner and outer) around the bone. The new
position of each vertex is calculated by taking into account the influence of each
bone, with the corresponding weight factor. BAPs are now applied to bone nodesand the new 3D position of each point in the global seamless mesh is computed
as a weighted combination of the related bone motions.
The skinned model definition can also be enriched with inverse kinematicsrelated
data. Then, bone positions can be determined by specifying only the
position of an end effector, e.g., a 3D point on the skinned model surface. No
specific inverse kinematics solver is imposed, but specific constraints at bone
level are defined, e.g., related to the rotation or translation of a bone in a certain
direction. Also muscles, i.e., NURBS curves with an influence region on the
model skin, are supported. Finally, interpolation techniques, such as simple linear
interpolation or linear interpolation between two quaternions (Preda & Prêteux,
2001), can be exploited for key-value-based animation and animation compression.

Face and Body Animation in the MPEG-4 Standard

2011-11-17T21:05:00.003-08:00

The MPEG-4 SNHC (Synthetic and Natural Hybrid Coding) group has standardized
two types of streams in order to animate avatars:
• The Face/Body Definition Parameters (FDP/BDP) are avatar-specific
and based on the H-anim specifications. More precisely the MPEG-4 BDP
Node contains the H-anim Humanoid Node.
• The Face/Body Animation Parameters (FAP/BAP) are used to animate
face/body models. More specifically, 168 Body Animation Parameters
(BAPs) are defined by MPEG-4 SNHC to describe almost any possible
body posture. A single set of FAPs/BAPs can be used to describe the face/
body posture of different avatars. MPEG-4 has also standardized the
compressed form of the resulting animation stream using two techniques:
DCT-based or prediction-based. Typical bit-rates for these compressed
bit-streams are two kbps for the case of facial animation or 10 to 30 kbps
for the case of body animation.In addition, complex 3D deformations that can result from the movement of
specific body parts (e.g., muscle contraction, clothing folds, etc.) can be modeled
by using Face/Body Animation Tables (FAT/BATs). These tables specify a set
of vertices that undergo non-rigid motion and a function to describe this motion
with respect to the values of specific FAPs/BAPs. However, a significant
problem with using FAT/BAT Tables is that they are body model-dependent and
require a complex modeling stage. On the other hand, BATs can prevent
undesired body animation effects, such as broken meshes between two linked
segments. In order to solve such problems, MPEG-4 addresses new animation
functionalities in the framework of AFX group (a preliminary specification has
been released in January 2002) by including also a generic seamless virtual model
definition and bone-based animation. Particularly, the AFX specification describes
state of the art components for rendering geometry, textures, volumes
and animation. A hierarchy of geometry, modeling, physics and biomechanical
models are described along with advanced tools for animating these models.

2011-11-17T21:05:00.001-08:00

a maximum 3-D displacement for each vertex. An application may uniformly
scale these displacements before applying them to the corresponding vertices.
For example, this field is used to implement Facial Definition and Animation
Parameters of the MPEG-4 standard (FDP/FAP).
Finally, the H-anim 2001 standard does not introduce any major changes, e.g.,
new nodes, but provides better support of deformation engines and animation
tools. Additional fields are provided in the Humanoid and the Joint nodes to
support continuous mesh avatars and a more general context-free grammar is
used to describe the standard (instead of pure VRML97, which is used in the two
older H-anim standards). More specifically, a skeletal hierarchy can be defined
for each H-anim humanoid figure within a Skeleton field of the Humanoid node.
Then, an H-anim humanoid figure can be defined as a continuous piece of
geometry, within a Skin field of the Humanoid node, instead of a set of discrete
segments (corresponding to each body part), as in the previous versions. This
Skin field contains an indexed face set (coordinates, topology and normals of skin
nodes). Each Joint node also contains a SkinCoordWeight field, i.e., a list of
floating point values, which describes the amount of “weighting” that should be
used to affect a particular vertex from a SkinCoord field of the Humanoid node.
Each item in this list has a corresponding index value in the SkinCoordIndex
field of the Joint node, which indicates exactly which coordinate is to be
influenced.

The Web3D H-Anim Standards

2011-11-17T21:04:00.000-08:00

The Web3D H-anim working group (H-anim) was formed so that developers
could agree on a standard naming convention for human body parts and joints.
The human form has been studied for centuries and most of the parts alreadyhave medical (or Latin) names. This group has produced the Humanoid
Animation Specification (H-anim) standards, describing a standard way of
representing humanoids in VRML. These standards allow humanoids created
using authoring tools from one vendor to be animated using tools from another.
H-anim humanoids can be animated using keyframing, inverse kinematics,
performance animation systems and other techniques. The three main design
goals of H-anim standards are:
• Compatibility: Humanoids should be able to display/animate in any VRML
compliant browser.
• Flexibility: No assumptions are made about the types of applications that
will use humanoids.
• Simplicity: The specification should contain only what is absolutely necessary.
Up to now, three H-anim standards have been produced, following developments
in VRML standards, namely the H-anim 1.0, H-anim 2.0 and H-anim 2001
standards.
The H-anim 1.0 standard specified a standard way of representing humanoids in
VRML 2.0 format. The VRML Humanoid file contains a set of Joint nodes, each
defining the rotation center of a joint, which are arranged to form a hierarchy.
The most common implementation for a joint is a VRML Transform node, which
is used to define the relationship of each body segment to its immediate parent,
although more complex implementations can also be supported. Each Joint node
can contain other Joint nodes and may also contain a Segment node, which
contains information about the 3D geometry, color and texture of the body part
associated with that joint. Joint nodes may also contain hints for inversekinematics
systems that wish to control the H-anim figure, such as the upper and
lower joint limits, the orientation of the joint limits, and a stiffness/resistance
value. The file also contains a single Humanoid node, which stores humanreadable
data about the humanoid, such as author and copyright information. This
node also stores references to all the Joint and Segment nodes. Additional nodes
can be included in the file, such as Viewpoints, which may be used to display the
figure from several different perspectives.
The H-anim 1.1 standard has extended the previous version in order to specify
humanoids in the VRML97 standard (successor of VRML 2.0). New features
include Site nodes, which define specific locations relative to the segment, and
Displacer nodes that specify which vertices within the segment correspond to
a particular feature or configuration of vertices. Furthermore, a Displacer node
may contain “hints” as to the direction in which each vertex should move, namely

3D Human Body Coding Standards

2011-11-17T21:03:00.003-08:00

As it was mentioned in the previous section, an HBM consists of a number of
segments that are connected to each other by joints. This physical structure can
be described in many different ways. However, in order to animate or interchange
HBMs, a standard representation is required. This standardization allows
compatibility between different HBM processing tools (e.g., HBMs created
using one editing tool could be animated using another completely different tool).
In the following, the Web3D H-anim standards, the MPEG-4 face and body
animation, as well as MPEG-4 AFX extensions for humanoid animation, are
briefly introduced.

2011-11-17T21:03:00.001-08:00

1989). A mathematical model will include the parameters that describe the links,
as well as information about the constraints associated with each joint. A model
that only includes this information is called a kinematic model and describes the
possible static states of a system. The state vector of a kinematic model consists
of the model state and the model parameters. A system in motion is modeled
when the dynamics of the system are modeled as well. A dynamic model
describes the state evolution of the system over time. In a dynamic model, the
state vector includes linear and angular velocities, as well as position (Wren &
Pentland, 1998).
After selecting an appropriate model for a particular application, it is necessary
to develop a concise mathematical formulation for a general solution to the
kinematics and dynamics problem, which are non-linear problems. Different
formalism have been proposed in order to assign local reference frames to the
links. The simplest approach is to introduce joint hierarchies formed by independent
articulation of one DOF, described in terms of Euler angles. Hence, the body
posture is synthesized by concatenating the transformation matrices associated
with the joints, starting from the root. Despite the fact that this formalism suffers
from singularities, Delamarre & Faugeras (2001) propose the use of compositions
of translations and rotations defined by Euler angles. They solve the
singularity problems by reducing the number of DOFs of the articulation.

Sappa, Aifanti, Grammalidis & Malassiotis

2011-11-17T21:02:00.002-08:00

each arm and each leg. The illustration presented in Figure 1 (left) corresponds
to an articulated model defined by 22 DOF.
On the contrary, in computer graphics, highly accurate representations consisting
of more than 50 DOF are generally selected. Aubel, Boulic & Thalmann
(2000) propose an articulated structure composed of 68 DOF. They correspond
to the real human joints, plus a few global mobility nodes that are used to orient
and position the virtual human in the world.
The simplest 3D articulated structure is a stick representation with no associated
volume or surface (Figure 1 (left)). Planar 2D representations, such as the
cardboard model, have also been widely used (Figure 1 (right)). However,
volumetric representations are preferred in order to generate more realistic
models (Figure 2). Different volumetric approaches have been proposed,
depending upon whether the application is in the computer vision or the computer
graphics field. On one hand, in computer vision, where the model is not the
purpose, but the means to recover the 3D world, there is a trade-off between
accuracy of representation and complexity. The utilized models should be quite
realistic, but they should have a low number of parameters in order to be
processed in real-time. Volumetric representations such as parallelepipeds

3D Human Body Modeling

2011-11-17T21:02:00.000-08:00

Modeling a human body first implies the adaptation of an articulated 3D
structure, in order to represent the human body biomechanical features. Secondly,
it implies the definition of a mathematical model used to govern the
movements of that articulated structure.
Several 3D articulated representations and mathematical formalisms have been
proposed in the literature to model both the structure and movements of a human
body. An HBM can be represented as a chain of rigid bodies, called links,
interconnected to one another by joints. Links are generally represented by
means of sticks (Barron & Kakadiaris, 2000), polyhedrons (Yamamoto et al.,
1998), generalized cylinders (Cohen, Medioni & Gu, 2001) or superquadrics
(Gavrila & Davis, 1996). A joint interconnects two links by means of rotational
motions about the axes. The number of independent rotation parameters will
define the degrees of freedom (DOF) associated with a given joint. Figure 1
(left) presents an illustration of an articulated model defined by 12 links (sticks)
and ten joints.
In computer vision, where models with only medium precision are required,
articulated structures with less than 30 DOF are generally adequate. For
example, Delamarre & Faugeras (2001) use a model of 22 DOF in a multi-view
tracking system. Gavrila & Davis (1996) also propose the use of a 22-DOF
model without modeling the palm of the hand or the foot and using a rigid headtorso
approximation. The model is defined by three DOFs for the positioning of
the root of the articulated structure, three DOFs for the torso and four DOFs for

An Ode To Conceptualiza tio n:

2011-11-17T21:00:00.001-08:00

An Ode To Conceptualiza tio n:
(There is nothing like your first love, or the moment a great idea comes to you) . . .
Pencil poised,
gazing into space,
listening to my thoughts;
waiting to hear
what they have to say.
Soul searching,
that is soul soothing.
A special process
of self examination
and introspection.
Thinking of thoughts
thought about already,
or waiting to be thought.
As I think about these thoughts,
I am the thoughts

2010-06-01T01:05:00.002-07:00

Animation Challenge Tutorial

This short tutorial is aimed at intermediate Blender users. I want to talk about animation and will only briefly mention how to add key-frames in Blender etc. This tutorial can also be found at www.blenderartists.org/forum, one of the central Blender community sites.
RIG
Make sure you’ve downloaded the FANTASTIC rig by Kiopaa (@Blenderartists). http://blenderartists.org/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=62699&d=1233...
The files are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ) license.
THE CHALLENGE
The challenge is to simply animate the character provided from one pillar to another. But to make your entry interesting you need an idea.

IDEA
When given a simple challenge like this, there are going to be lots of entries that will look very similar. So you need an idea to make your animation stand out. The best way to get an idea going is to think of a situation or an event, rather than an action. Make your idea a situation and this will cause the character to react. This will result in much more realistic actions. My idea was to simply make the platforms bendy. The character discovers this while leaning across to the other platform. He then improvises a solution with mixed results. Once I had thought of the situation it was easy and fun to work out how the character would react.
ACT LIKE AN IDIOT
Now you have an idea in your head but what should you do next? During this planning stage I actually like to rehearse my character’s actions for real. It really does help to act like an idiot and find out how your character would react in your situation/idea. So I stood on a chair and imagined I was trying to get to another. Even though I wasn’t able to perform the actions I wanted (if I tried I would have fallen off ), I was able to understand what the character would be feeling. You can do this with a camera if you like and act out the scene. Just make sure nobody is watching :)
BLOCKING
This is the most important part of the animation process. Blocking is a set of key-poses that can fully explain the idea that you’re trying to animate. I didn’t save my blocking pass but an early save of my animation (just after blocking) can be found here: http://www.vimeo.com/3794274 .
Start by making sure you organise your interface to include a timeline. Hit the Auto-Key button and start to set your poses. This fantastic rig allows for both IK and FK movements. I used IK animation for most of the scene, the only time I switched to FK was for when his arms were stretched out, reaching for the other platform. Switching made that section a lot easier.
You can be as detailed as you like in your key-poses but your goal must be to get the right timing together. Don’t worry too much about detailed facial expressions or finger/toe movement, just concentrate on key actions and poses. Once you’ve blocked out your scene, have a look at what you’ve got and decide what needs changing. Blocking allows you to chance the actions and timing easier. Without blocking out your scene you might find you’ve made a mistake and aren’t able to make changes easily.
FINALIZING
You may not believe it but you’re nearly finished! Finalizing the animation now should simply be a matter of adding detail to in-between key pose frames. If you’ve done a proper blocking stage then this should be very easy.
The best way to make sure you have a nice smooth accurate animation is to make sure you have clean IPO curves. Use the curve controls to their full extent, rather than adding extra key-frames. Open the IPO Curve Editor and experiment with the different Handle types of your curves. Open the handle types in the 'Point' menu of the IPO editor. Here you can see the effect of clean IPOs on a simple bouncing ball animation.
If you keep your IPO's clean and fully use the correct handle types, your animation will be far more accurate.
Once you’re happy with the extra detail, you can start work on the facial animation. Here you may want to refer back to your ‘Act like an idiot’ stage, and get a mirror to accurately reproduce the right expressions.

2d animation tutorials

2010-06-01T01:05:00.000-07:00

2次元コンピュータアニメーションのチュートリアル：ステップバイステップのレッスンFlashでユーザインタフェースの設計？対話は、Webページのアニメーション？ E -カード？面白い漫画のパンツ？あなたが何を2Dアニメーションでやってみたい、これらのチュートリアルは、Flashでアニメーション技術を開発しての基礎だけでなく、いくつかのヒントに足場を取得し、トリック初心者は、プログラムのツールに慣れるために役立ちます。あなたの最初のFlashアニメーションを作成するこのレッスンでは私たちがどのように、ツールFlash MXで、新しい空のムービーファイルを作成し、手順の最初の簡単なアニメーションは、トゥイーン、基本的な図形を動きを使用しているに関与する説明します。 Flashアニメーション2：図形のトゥイーン私たちは、レッスン1で、Flash MXで形状トゥイーンのレッスンをオフに左どここのレッスンでは、我々は最後に迎えに来ます。 Flashアニメーション3：花火Eカードこのチュートリアルで提供するチャンスをよりアニメーションのシーンを設定するにはFlashの描画ツールを使用して慣れるため、いくつか小さな勾配と記入トリック。レッスンのこの部分は、7月の花火のE -カードを爆発4のシーンを作成できますを歩いていく、将来のレッスンはどのようにアニメーション化するデモンストレーションを行います。フラッシュアニメーション4：あなたのE -カードをアニメーション化今、我々の電子カードの段階を設定して、の先に行くと、それをアニメーション化することができます。その最初の部分については、我々はシンボルの新しい種類のムービークリップと呼ばれる使用するつもりだ。 Flashアニメーション5：可動部品の複雑なキャラクターを作成するこのレッスンでは、我々はどのように"のFlashで、実際にすべてのフレームを描画せずに詳細なアニメのキャラクターを作ることにカンニングすることを学ぶつもりだ。 FlashのFlashアニメーションは、6：使用してテキストをあなたのキャラクターに声を与える方法これはかなり単純な教訓になります。私たちは手足をアニメーションに入る前に、私たちは吹き出しを追加するつもりだ - we'llを学ぶについて実際のオーディオを追加後追跡 - についてFlashでテキスト、および作業のキャラクターに"声を与えるために"通信することを学ぶビューアで。 Flashアニメーションは、7：の移動、赤ちゃんてみましょう。それは時間が我々の文字が移動得るために、私たちの顔の特徴をアニメーション化し、それらに表現と唇の動きを与える私達は前のレッスンで、サブの部分で、全体として私たちの手足をし、制御するように設定ムービークリップのシンボル - またを使用している。フラッシュレッスン8：追加シンプルなオーディオこれは最も簡単なレッスンはまだされる、すべて私たちがやろうとしている私たちのフラッシュキャラクターアニメーションに完了するためにループオーディオ背景を追加します。リップは、アニメーションの同期：基本的な音素をあなたが実際に表現し、アニメーションに現実的な口の動きを追加したい場合は、それぞれの音で口の変更方法を図形を勉強するのに役立ちます。これらの10の基本的な音素の形状は、式のさまざまな度合いで音声のほぼすべての音を一致することができます - と中間フレームが一方から他方、非常に正確であることに移動した。フラッシュヒント：貿易のツール：Flashでグラフィックスタブレットでの描画自分自身にハイテクいくつかの時間と労力をあなたのフレームでフレームベクトルアニメーションで保存する - しかし、安価な - プラグアンドプレイのツールです。アニメーションのヒント：取引のツール：ライトテーブルあなたがコンピュータアニメーション、ライトテーブルスキャンするセル画や予備鉛筆の仕事を行うための2Dアニメーションを描画しているかどうかを最も重要なツールの場合は、これまで所有しているよフレームでフレームアニメーションです。コンピュータに紹介アニメまさにコンピュータアニメーションは何ですか？この導入は基本的な概念と2Dの使用と3Dコンピュータアニメーションの概要を提供します。

2010-06-01T01:04:00.001-07:00

2 डी कंप्यूटर एनिमेशन: Tutorials फ्लैश में कदम दर कदम सबक यूजर इंटरफेस डिजाइन? इंटरएक्टिव वेब पृष्ठों एनिमेटेड? E-कार्ड? मजेदार कार्टून शॉर्ट्स? आप जो भी 2 डी एनीमेशन में करना चाहते हैं, इन ट्यूटोरियल में मदद मिलेगी आप फ़्लैश में काम करने के लिए अपने एनीमेशन कौशल विकसित करने के मूल पर एक पैर जमाने के लिए, साथ ही कुछ सुझाव और मदद करने के लिए beginners के कार्यक्रम उपकरणों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया पाने के करतब. आपका पहला फ्लैश एनिमेशन बनाना हम इस पाठ में कवर करेंगे कि कैसे एक नए फ्लैश एमएक्स में रिक्त चलचित्र फ़ाइल बनाने के लिए, और उपकरणों और अपने पहले सरल एनीमेशन गति tweening और मूल आकार का उपयोग करने में शामिल कदम. 2 फ्लैश एनिमेशन: आकृति Tweening इस सबक के साथ, हम ऊपर के अंत में ले जहाँ हम पाठ 1 में बंद फ़्लैश एमएक्स में आकार tweening पर एक सबक के साथ छोड़ दिया जाएगा. 3 एनिमेशन फ्लैश: पटाखे ई कार्ड इस ट्यूटोरियल तुम करने के लिए एक अधिक है फ्लैश आरेखण उपकरणों का उपयोग करने के लिए एक एनीमेशन के लिए एक दृश्य सेट के साथ परिचित पाने का मौका प्रदान करता है, और कुछ थोड़ा और ढाल भरने के करतब. सबक का यह हिस्सा आप एक जुलाई के चौथे आतिशबाजी ई कार्ड विस्फोट के लिए दृश्य बनाने के माध्यम से चलना, एक भविष्य के लिए यह सबक चेतन कैसे प्रदर्शित करेगा. 4 एनिमेशन फ्लैश: आपका ई कार्ड Animating अब है कि हम अपने ई कार्ड के लिए मंच तैयार है, चलो आगे जाओ और इसे चेतन. उस के पहले भाग के लिए, हम प्रतीक एक नई तरह की एक फिल्म क्लिप का उपयोग बुलाया जा रहे हैं. फ्लैश एनिमेशन 5: चल पार्ट्स की एक जटिल चरित्र बनाना इस पाठ में, हम सीखने के लिए कैसे "फ्लैश में वास्तव में हर फ्रेम ड्राइंग के बिना विस्तृत एनिमेटेड वर्ण बनाने के लिए 'को धोखा देने जा रहे हैं. फ्लैश में फ़्लैश 6 का प्रयोग: पाठ एनिमेशन अपने चरित्र एक आवाज देने के लिए यह एक काफी सरल सबक हो जाएगा. इससे पहले कि हम अंगों animating में मिलता है, हम भाषण बुलबुले जोड़ने के लिए जा रहे हैं - we'll वास्तविक ऑडियो जोड़ने के बारे में जानने के बाद पटरियों - के बारे में फ्लैश में पाठ के साथ काम करना, और अपने पात्रों एक "आवाज देने में जानने के लिए" बातचीत दर्शक के साथ. 7 फ्लैश एनिमेशन: चलो, चलो बेबी. यह समय प्राप्त करने के लिए हमारी अक्षर चलती है, फिल्म क्लिप प्रतीक है कि हम पिछले सबक में स्थापित करने के लिए एक पूरे के रूप में हमारे अंगों, उप भागों में और नियंत्रण - और भी उपयोग करने के लिए अपने चेहरे सुविधाओं चेतन और उन्हें अभिव्यक्ति और होंठ आंदोलनों दे. फ्लैश पाठ 8: जोड़ना सरल ऑडियो यह सबसे आसान सबक अभी तक एक हो, सभी हम ऐसा करने जा रहे हो जाएगा हमारे फ़्लैश चरित्र एनीमेशन के लिए एक ऑडियो looping पृष्ठभूमि जोड़ने के लिए यह पूरा हो गया है. होंठ एनीमेशन के लिए synching: बेसिक phonemes यदि आप वास्तविक अभिव्यक्ति और यथार्थवादी मुँह अपने एनीमेशन से आंदोलनों जोड़ना चाहते हैं, यह करने के लिए प्रत्येक ध्वनि के साथ मुंह परिवर्तन के आकार का अध्ययन कैसे मदद करता है. इन दस बुनियादी phoneme आकार लगभग भाषण के किसी भी ध्वनि मिलान, अभिव्यक्ति की डिग्री बदलती में कर सकते हैं - और बीच में तख्ते एक से दूसरे, उल्लेखनीय सही कर रहे हैं के लिए आगे बढ़ के साथ. फ्लैश सुझाव: व्यापार के उपकरण: एक ग्राफिक्स गोली के साथ फ्लैश में आकर्षित अपने आप को इस उच्च तकनीक के साथ कुछ और अपने फ्रेम दर फ्रेम सदिश एनीमेशन में समय और प्रयास सहेजें - लेकिन सस्ती - प्लग और खेलो उपकरण. एनीमेशन सुझाव: व्यापार के उपकरण: कम टेबल्स आप cel चित्र या पेंसिल प्रारंभिक कार्य करने के लिए 2d एनीमेशन ड्राइंग रहे हैं एक कंप्यूटर एनीमेशन, एक प्रकाश मेज के लिए स्कैन किया जाना चाहे फ्रेम दर फ्रेम एनीमेशन है कि आप कभी स्वयं करेंगे के लिए सबसे महत्वपूर्ण उपकरणों में से एक है. कंप्यूटर के लिए एक परिचय एनिमेशन बस कंप्यूटर ऐनिमेशन क्या है? इस परिचय बुनियादी अवधारणाओं और 2 डी और 3 डी का उपयोग करता है कंप्यूटर एनिमेशन का एक संक्षिप्त अवलोकन प्रदान करता है.

animation talking shaliten

2010-06-01T01:02:00.001-07:00

animation dade

2010-06-01T01:01:00.002-07:00

loveing animation

2010-06-01T01:01:00.000-07:00

love express dog

2010-06-01T01:00:00.001-07:00

animations strakie

2010-06-01T00:59:00.002-07:00

love animations

2010-06-01T00:59:00.000-07:00

animation I love u

2010-06-01T00:58:00.002-07:00

animation better fly

2010-06-01T00:58:00.000-07:00

2010-06-01T00:56:00.001-07:00

Zwischen- Die Grundlagen des Character-Animation
Die Grundlagen der Animation. Dieses Tutorial zeigt Schritt für Schritt den Prozess der Animation eines Charakters Sprung von einer Säule zur anderen. Arbeiten mit Shapekey Treiber
In diesem Video-Tutorial 2,5 Blender werden wir über die Schaffung Form Tasten gehen, und dann reden, wie man Treiber für das shapekeys so dass der Anker steuern können sie anwenden. Rigging ein Auge für Dilation
Wie benutzt man getrieben shape-Tasten, um die Pupille eines Auges erweitern. Das Tutorial zeigt auch, wie Sie benutzerdefinierte Knochen Formen verwenden und die Begrenzung der Transformation des Knochens über Zwänge. Animieren Cracks
Tutorial für die Animation eines Risses in einem Flugzeug. Perfekt für Erdbeben! Umfasst leistungsstarke Einblick in Gittern mit der Form des Objekts zu ändern. Eine Fahrt durch die Minen
In diesem Tutorial werden wir das Spiel mit Kurven und verfahrenstechnischen Objekte ein wenig. Angefangen mit nur einer Handvoll von Formen, werden wir eine Animation, die eine Fahrt durch eine verlassene Mine zu machen. Die benutzte Technik ermöglicht es Ihnen, Änderungen an der Form der Weg leicht zu machen und sich nicht um neu zu Sachen wie die Bewegung von Grund auf neu zu kümmern. Vector Blur
Vector Blur ist eine interessante Lösung, um über die Grenzen der regelmäßigen Motion Blur gehen. Es beruht auf der Composite Nodes Editor zu erfüllen. Aber selbst wenn die Knoten-Editor aussehen könnte einschüchternd auf den ersten Blick, es ist in der Tat sehr einfach einzurichten. Diese kurze Tutorial führt durch die Grundlagen für die Verbesserung Ihrer Schritte macht (beide Stills und Animationen go) mit gut aussehenden Bewegungsunschärfe.

2010-06-01T00:55:00.005-07:00

中間基本面的角色動畫
動畫的基本原理。本教程說明一步一步的過程動畫字符跳躍到另一個從一個支柱。司機與 Shapekey
在這個攪拌機 2.5視頻教程，我們將去創造了鑰匙的形狀，然後談如何運用司機的shapekeys使電樞可以控制它們。索具1眼為擴張
如何使用驅動形狀鍵擴張瞳孔的眼睛。本教程還演示了如何使用自定義骨骼形狀和限制轉化骨頭通過限制。動畫裂縫
動畫教程一個打擊一個平面。完善地震！包括強大的洞察使用格來改變您的對象的形狀。乘車通過的地雷
在本教程中，我們會打周圍的曲線和程序對象 1位。出發僅 1 handfull的形狀，我們會作出動畫一騎通過一個廢棄的礦井。所採用的技術將允許您更改的形狀很容易的路徑，而不必擔心重現的東西，如議案從零開始。模糊向量
向量模糊是一個有趣的解決方案，超越的局限性，經常運動模糊。它依賴於綜合節點編輯器來執行。但即使節點編輯器可以看看恐嚇乍一看，這其實很容易建立。這個簡短的教程將通過基本步驟，以加強你的呈現（包括靜態和動畫）與漂亮的運動模糊。

2010-06-01T00:55:00.001-07:00

Intermediate in animations

2010-06-01T00:54:00.000-07:00

Intermediate

The fundamentals of character animation

The fundamentals of animation. This tutorial shows step by step the process of animating a character jumping from one pillar to another.

Working with Shapekey Drivers

In this Blender 2.5 video tutorial we will be going over creating shape keys, and then talk on how to apply drivers to the shapekeys so that the armature can control the them.

Rigging an eye for Dilation

How to use driven shape-keys to dilate the pupil of an eye. The tutorial also demonstrates how to use custom bone shapes and limiting the transformation of a bone via constraints.

Animating Cracks

Tutorial for animating a crack on a plane. Perfect for earthquakes! Includes powerful insight into using lattices to change the shape of your object.

A Ride through the mines

In this tutorial, we'll be playing around with curves and procedural objects a bit. Starting off with only a handfull of shapes, we will make an animation of a ride through an abandoned mine. The technique used will allow you to make changes to the shape of the path easily and not have to worry about recreating stuff like the motion from scratch.

Vector Blur

Vector Blur is an interesting solution to go beyond the limitations of regular Motion Blur. It relies on the Composite Nodes Editor to perform. But even if the Nodes Editor could look intimidating at first glance, it's in fact very easy to set up. This short tutorial will go through the basics steps for enhancing your renders (both stills and animations) with good looking motion blur.

2010-06-01T00:53:00.001-07:00

शुरुआत एनिमेशन बुनियादी बातों को पहचान
कुछ बुनियादी एनीमेशन तकनीक के लिए एक परिचय प्रदान करता है. कवर तकनीक खींचें, कर रहे हैं पालन के माध्यम से, और अतिव्यापी लड़ाई. सरल एनिमेशन एनिमेशन के बहुत डराना लग सकता है बनाना, लेकिन अक्सर यह आसान है, के लिए भी Beginers महान उत्पीड़न के बिना उनके बहुत पहले एनीमेशन बनाने के लिए. यह ट्यूटोरियल वहाँ है तुम्हें दिखाने के लिए कि यह कैसे करना.

Beginner

2010-06-01T00:52:00.001-07:00

Beginner

Intro to Animation Fundamentals

Provides an introduction to some fundamental animation techniques. The techniques covered are Drag, Follow-Through, and Overlapping Action.

Simple animations

Making animations can sound very intimidating, but it is often easy, even for
beginers to make their very first animation without great harassment. This
tutorial is there to show you how to do it.

sexy clipart

2010-06-01T00:48:00.000-07:00

friendship

2010-06-01T00:47:00.000-07:00

3d graphics

2010-06-01T00:46:00.000-07:00

graphic

2010-05-29T06:24:00.000-07:00

animation effacts

2010-05-29T06:23:00.002-07:00

advanced animation pitcher

2010-05-29T06:23:00.000-07:00

avatar

2010-05-29T06:20:00.000-07:00

hariproter

2010-05-29T06:16:00.001-07:00

baby cry

2010-05-04T05:54:00.000-07:00

valentine dance

2010-05-04T05:53:00.000-07:00

baby put uorin

2010-05-04T05:52:00.002-07:00

danceing boy

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baby takeing smokeing

2010-05-04T05:51:00.000-07:00

cartoon

2010-05-04T05:50:00.000-07:00

animations vinayaka

2010-05-04T05:49:00.002-07:00

butter fly

2010-05-04T05:49:00.000-07:00

Lord shiva

2010-05-04T05:48:00.001-07:00

site links

2010-05-04T05:45:00.000-07:00

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New Blogger Features

As some of my fellow bloggers may be aware, Blogger has made some changes lately. With this change to Blogger in Draft, I was able to redesign my garden blog. I can now add pages to my blog, something I've wanted to do for quite some ...

Posted by Sarah at 18:16

Notable Blog Widgets

Over the last the few months I've bookmarked a gaggle of widgets for Blogger.com. What to do with them? Write a blog post, of course. Widgetbox › Make a Blidget • Customize a widget for your log's RSS feed. ...

Posted by Mark Weeks at 07:13

To whom it may concern

Yesterday I happened to notice that I went from 7 followers to 12 followers. Today I have 14 so I decided to check and see who ya'll were. I know half of you. And several of you are from Indonesia. I have never been to Indonesia, ...

Posted by Nicole at 09:21

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by Stephen, Steve, Dad, or Lulu at 04:25

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by twinkobie at 10:36

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by grabanytimemoney.blogspot.com/ at 09:27

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by grabanytimemoney.blogspot.com/ at 09:27

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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That's why I'm moving from Blogger to WordPress

“First, I'd like to thank Blogger Team for their ongoing efforts in making blogging very easy for non-advanced users; I must admit that you are really doing a good job and wishing you all the best.” from an advanced blogger user. ...

Posted by Geeee at 07:41

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by Kilimanjaroinfo at 11:32

Do you link to Amazon in your blog posts? Our Amazon Associates ...

Do you link to Amazon in your blog posts? Our Amazon Associates integration makes linking easier, and can even earn you some money! Details here. No amount of money could ever be enough. Try again, guys.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by ജനശബ്ദം at 02:45

Blogger And Amazon Associates Are Good Friends Now

Even though this is old news to some, since it might be useful to others, I am posting it. Blogger too showing it in the control panel now. If you are a blogger publisher and utilizing monetizing opportunities like AdSense, ...

Posted by ravenII at 11:43

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Are you using Blogger? Do you link to Amazon in your blog posts? Now, Blogger has made integration with Amazon Associates easier, and can even earn you some money! Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates [via]

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by James Alexander at 09:13

Eka JaHe : Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by eka'JaHe' at 05:47

Amazon Associates Integration for Blogger

I had a message on my blogspot dashboard today about this new thing called Amazon Associates Integration. I do write a bit about books, but hesitate to use this program (thought I could use the $$), because it doesn't benefit Ravelry. ...

Posted by libraryleigh at 19:27

Well, That's Interesting: Google's Blogger Teams With Amazon

"Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates" Blogger Buzz (December 16, 2009) "Earlier this year we simplified the process for monetizing your blog by adding a 'Monetize' tab in the Blogger app. We started with AdSense, which allows you ...

Posted by Brian, aka Aluwir, aka Norski at 16:23

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by SABS at 07:33

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by Jenny Yap and Tai Koon Loon at 07:15

Blogger terintegrasi dengan Amazon Associates

Awal tahun ini kami menyederhanakan proses untuk Mendapatkan blog Anda dengan menambahkan sebuah "Uang" tab di Blogger app. Kami mulai dengan AdSense, yang memungkinkan Anda untuk menambahkan iklan kontekstual ke halaman Anda, ...

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

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Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associates.

Posted by Eika at 23:01

Twisting Al Gore's Invention To Fit My Worldview

With our good buddy Basil (the spammer) returning to Blogger, I decided to go back and add some links to Blogger Buzz posts that tell you about some features that are handy-dandy. No, I don't use most of them because my main thing is ...

Posted by paul mitchell at 21:18

Amazon intégré à Blogger

J'ai appris sur Blogger buzzz qu'il est maintenant possible d'ajouter des produits Amazon dans un article directement à partir de la page d'éditeur d'articles de Blogger. L'option serait disponible sous l'onglet "Monétisation", ...

Posted by Rodney SANKINKA at 12:21

Blogger integra afiliados de Amazon

Blogger ha agregado una nueva forma de monetización de tu blog por medio del sistema de afiliados de Amazon, en el cual ganas un 15% del valor de un producto de la ventas realizas en Amazon a través de los anuncios en tu página. ...

Posted by Francisco at 15:59

blogs: now open for business

Blogger now integrates with Amazon so that bloggers can add anything that Amazon sells (which is just about everything in the world) into their blog posts. Bloggers get commissions on any items sold, which opens up a world of ...

Posted by darryl ohrt at 04:23

[blogger]Amazon Associatesをサポート

Blogger Buzz: Blogger integrates with Amazon Associatesで知ったのですが、BloggerにAmazon Associatesがサポートされたみたいです。さっそく読みながら設定しようかなーっと思っていたら、項目がない。。。どうやら日本では未対応みたいです。 ...

Posted by maito at 07:38

Google makes it easier to monetize blogs with Amazon integration

Google owns the popular Blogger service that lets anyone create and start publishing a blog in a few minutes. Google also owns the popular web-based advertising system, AdSense. So it's hardly surprising that Blogger has a "Monetize" ...

Posted by GSBot at 08:30

Blogger y Amazon Ahora son Amigos

Blogger_logo. Aunque utilizo WordPress desde el principio de este blog tengo que reconocer que la máquina de blogear de Google ha avanzado enormemente desde sus torpes inicios. Aun no llega a su madurez, pero ya resolvieron algo en ...

Posted by Carlos at 16:00

StevieB's Shared Items – December 18, 2009

Plurk Responds to Microsoft's Apology; December 17, 2009; FriendFeed Launches Status Update Sync to Auto-update Facebook; December 17, 2009; Another Blackberry Outage: A Historical Look; December 17, 2009; Googsystray Notifies You of ...

Posted by UKStevieB at 03:14

Monetize Your Blog - Choices

One of the most interesting areas of blogging, is clickable advertising on blogs. Up until recently, we really only had Google's AdSense - and the many problems being reported to the AdSense Help Group. The alternative was to organise ...

Posted by Roberto at 22:29

Blogger 可整合Amazon Associates

Blogger 现在可以与Amazon Associates 整合在一起了。你可以在写博的时候，方便的从侧栏搜索和你讨论话题有关的Amazon 商品并让它们在文章中显示。一旦有读者点击了你博客里的Amazon 产品广告并下单购买，那么你可获得提成，这也是继与AdSense 和AdSense ...

Posted by 大笨熊 at 20:56

[ How to Earn Money Out of Your Blog ] .... Amazon Associates and ...

Earlier Google added a Monetize tab within Blogger to help its users earn money from AdSense on their site and in their feeds. Now they're adding a new feature to that stable— Amazon Associates integration. ...

Posted by తెలుగు'వాడి'ని at 10:28

Blogger: Amazon-Partnerprogramm im Editor

Jetzt ist es bei Blogger möglich, mit dem Amazon-Partnerprogramm im eigenen Blog Geld zu verdienen. Diese Funktion soll es einfach machen, Werbung von Amazon in einen Blog einzubinden. Für Kunden (Werber) des Amazon-Partnerprogramms ...

Posted by Tobi at 11:00

Awesome! Google Partners With Amazon To Help BlogSpot Fans ...

First broken by Darren (via Problogger), it looks like lovers of Blogger will now be able to easily insert their Amazon affiliate links within their posts–just in time for the holidays! (Blogger Buzz) With this feature, you can search ...

Posted by Darnell Clayton at 09:42

Google Mengintegrasikan Amazon Associate Pada Blogger

Google dan Amazon telah pun mengumumkan kerjasama, dimana melaluinya, para penulis blog pada platform Blogger kini boleh menjana serba sedikit wang daripada tulisan mereka dengan mengintegrasikan Amazon Associates Program pada blog ...

Posted by aMaNz at 07:33

[ How to Earn Money Out of Your Blog ] …. Amazon Associates and ...

Posted by పూర్ణిమ at 02:28

Google And Amazon Partner Up : Make Money With Amazon from Blogger ...

Google announced its launch of direct integration of Blogger with Amazon Associates to search Amazon's product catalog within the blogger interface (without leaving blogger) and add links to products that earn you commissions when ...

Posted by Shabbir at 00:04

Google's Blogger Integrates with Amazon Associates

Back in April, Google added a Monetize tab within Blogger to help its users earn money from AdSense on their site and in their feeds. Now they're adding a new feature to that stable—Amazon Associates integration. ...

Posted by Jordan McCollum at 15:07

Integração entre o Blogger ea Amazon Associates

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eToro's features:
Visual representation of trades: Monitor your trades with ease by watching creative visualizations of your trading
activity.
Practice mode: Test your skills and strategies by trading with live rates, without risking a cent.
Trading Challenges: Compete against fellow traders for cash prizes - with no entry fees.
Trade: Enjoy immediate and accurate execution with all your trades.
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And soon to come:
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use the inside info to your advantage!
Download eToro for FREE and join a fast growing forex community.

2010-03-30T04:24:00.001-07:00

About Forex
The Forex market has quickly become the world's largest financial market, with an estimate daily turnover of $3.2
trillion. It is a market that has great appeal to a financial trader because of its volume which guarantees liquidity.
High liquidity means that a trader can trade whatever currencies he feels like at all times, since there will always
be someone to buy and sell any currency he wants. Another outstanding feature of the forex market is that it is
active 24 hours a day and is closed only on the weekends. This means that unlike the stock market for example,
traders in the forex market don't need to wait for a bell to ring, but can make trading decisions around the clock.
Enter the internet into the equation. Now the forex market is literally at your fingertips. Most brokers offer online
trading facilities which enable you to trade simply by clicking a button, instead of the traditional phone call. The
internet has really revolutionized the industry, making the retail section of the market more dominant than ever.

2010-03-30T04:23:00.001-07:00

About eToro
eToro is a forex trading platform developed to cater to the emerging retail segment of the forex market. With its
simple style and exciting trade visualizations, eToro is the perfect platform for a novice trader to get his first forex
trading experience. With its great array of professional forex trading and analysis tools, eToro is also the perfect
platform for experts in the field who want to trade comfortably and reliably. eToro has developed a truly intuitive
interface that lets traders concentrate on trading instead of messing around with bulky and overcomplicated
software.
It's important to mention that eToro also offers an educational experience, so novices can gain knowledge of the
forex market and eventually become pros if they're so inclined. eToro offers forex trading guides, forums and video
tutorials to facilitate their traders' progress. eToro also offers an unlimited practice mode where both beginner and
seasoned traders can sharpen their skills and test their strategies with real market rates.
Overall eToro have successfully designed a software that caters to a very wide segment of the forex trading
public. eToro is bound to remain a leader in the forex industry for a long time to come.

WHAT “FOREIGN EXCHANGE” MEANS

2010-03-26T03:25:00.001-07:00

“Foreign exchange” refers to money denominated
in the currency of another nation or
group of nations. Any person who exchanges
money denominated in his own nation’s
currency for money denominated in another
nation’s currency acquires foreign exchange.
That holds true whether the amount of the
transaction is equal to a few dollars or to
billions of dollars; whether the person
involved is a tourist cashing a traveler’s check
in a restaurant abroad or an investor
exchanging hundreds of millions of dollars for
the acquisition of a foreign company; and
whether the form of money being acquired
is foreign currency notes, foreign currencydenominated
bank deposits, or other shortterm
claims denominated in foreign currency.
A foreign exchange transaction is still a shift
of funds, or short-term financial claims, from
one country and currency to another.
Thus, within the United States, any money
denominated in any currency other than the
U.S. dollar is, broadly speaking, “foreign
exchange.”
Foreign exchange can be cash, funds available
on credit cards and debit cards, traveler’s checks,
bank deposits, or other short-term claims. It is
still “foreign exchange” if it is a short-term
negotiable financial claim denominated in a
currency other than the U.S. dollar.
But, in the foreign exchange market described
in this book—the international network of major
foreign exchange dealers engaged in high-volume
trading around the world—foreign exchange
transactions almost always take the form of an
exchange of bank deposits of different national
currency denominations. If one bank agrees to
sell dollars for Deutsche marks to another bank,
there will be an exchange between the two parties
of a dollar bank deposit for a DEM bank deposit.
In this book, “foreign exchange” means a bank
balance denominated in a foreign (non-U.S.
dollar) currency.

WHYWE NEED FOREIGN EXCHANGE

2010-03-26T03:24:00.000-07:00

Almost every nation has its own national
currency or monetary unit—its dollar, its peso,
its rupee—used for making and receiving
payments within its own borders. But foreign
currencies are usually needed for payments
across national borders. Thus, in any nation
whose residents conduct business abroad or
engage in financial transactions with persons in
other countries, there must be a mechanism for
providing access to foreign currencies, so that
payments can be made in a form acceptable to
foreigners. In other words, there is need for
“foreign exchange” transactions—exchanges of
one currency for another.

2010-03-26T03:22:00.000-07:00

trading foreign exchange: a changing market in a changing world
ALL ABOUT...
Note: Merchandise trade is the sum of exports and imports of goods.
U.S. and World Merchandise Trade, 1970-95
0
300
600
900
1,200
1,500
1970 1980 1990 1995
Billions of dollars
U.S.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
1970 1980 1990 1995
Billions of dollars
World
F I G U R E 1 - 1
In some ways, this estimate understates the
growth and the present size of the U.S. foreign
exchange market. The $351 billion estimated
daily turnover covered only the three traditional
instruments in the “over-the-counter” (OTC)
market—spot, outright forwards, and foreign
exchange (FX) swaps; it did not include over-thecounter
currency options and currency swaps
traded in the OTC market, which totaled about
$32 billion a day in notional value (or face value)
in 1998. Nor did it include the two products
traded, not “over-the-counter,” but in organized
exchanges— currency futures and exchange-traded
currency options, for which the notional value of
the turnover was perhaps $10 billion per day.1
The global foreign exchange market also has
shown phenomenal growth. In 1998, in a survey
under the auspices of the Bank for International
Settlements (BIS), global turnover of reporting
dealers was estimated at about $1.49 trillion
per day for the traditional products, plus an
additional $97 billion for over-the-counter
currency options and currency swaps, and a
further $12 billion for currency instruments
traded on the organized exchanges. In the
traditional products, global foreign exchange
turnover, measured in current exchange rates,
increased by more than 80 percent between
1992 and 1998.
The expansion in foreign exchange turnover,
in the United States and globally, reflects the
continuing growth of international trade and
the prodigious expansion in global finance
and investment during recent years. With
respect to trade, the dollar value of United
States international transactions in goods and
services—the sum of exports and imports—
tripled between 1980 and 1995 to around 15 times
its 1970 level. International trade in the global
economy also has expanded at a rapid pace.World
merchandise trade is now more than 2½ times its
1980 level

2010-03-09T05:01:00.003-08:00

The Euromarket
A major catalyst to the acceleration of Forex trading was the rapid development of the Eurodollar market; where US dollars are deposited in banks outside the US. Similarly, Euromarkets are those where assets are deposited outside the currency of origin. The Eurodollar market first came into being in the 1950s when Russia’s oil revenue - all in dollars - was deposited outside the US in fear of being frozen by US regulators. That gave rise to a vast offshore pool of dollars outside the control of US authorities. The US government imposed laws to restrict dollar lending to foreigners. Euromarkets were particularly attractive because they had far less regulations and offered higher yields. From the late 1980s onwards, US companies began to borrow offshore, finding Euromarkets a beneficial center for holding excess liquidity, providing short-term loans and financing imports and exports.
London was, and remains the principal offshore market. In the 1980s, it became the key center in the Eurodollar market when British banks began lending dollars as an alternative to pounds in order to maintain their leading position in global finance. London’s convenient geographical location (operating during Asian and American markets) is also instrumental in preserving its dominance in the Euromarket.

2010-03-09T05:01:00.001-08:00

2010-03-09T05:00:00.000-08:00

The Bretton Woods Agreement was also aimed at preventing currency competition and promoting monetary co-operation among nations. Under the Bretton Woods system, the IMF member countries agreed to a system of exchange rates that could be adjusted within defined parities with the US dollar or, with the agreement of the IMF, changed to correct a fundamental disequilibrium in the balance of payments. The per value system remained in use from 1946 until the early 1970s.
The United States, under President Nixon, retaliated in 1971 by devaluing the dollar and forcing realignment of currencies with the dollar. The leading European economies tried to counter the US move by aligning their currencies in narrow band and then float collectively against the US dollar.

Fortunately, this currency war did not last long and by the first half of the 1970’s leading world economies gave up the fixed exchange rate system for good and floated their currencies in the open market. The idea was to let the market decide the value of a given currency based on the demand and supply of the currency and the economic health of the currency’s nation. This market is popularly known as the International Monetary Market or IMM. This IMM is not a single entity. It is the collection of all financial institutions that have any interest in foreign currencies, all over the world. Banks, Brokerages, Fund Managers, Government Central Banks and sometimes individuals, are just a few examples.
This is very much the present system of exchange of foreign currencies. Although the currency’s value is dependent on the market forces, the central banks still try to keep their currency in a predefined (and highly confidential) fluctuation band. They accomplish this by taking one or more of various steps.
The International Trade Organization that had been planned in the Bretton Woods Agreement could not be realized in the form initially envisaged - the US Congress would not endorse it. Instead, it was created later, in 1947, in the form of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which was signed by the US and 23 other countries including Canada. The GATT would later become known as the World Trade Organization. In recent years, the two international institutions created at Bretton Woods the World Bank and the IMF have faced a major challenge in helping debtor nations to get back on stable financial footing.

2010-03-09T04:56:00.000-08:00

History of the Forex
Money, in one form or another, has been used by man for centuries. At first it was mainly Gold or Silver coins. Goods were traded against other goods or against gold. So, the price of gold became a reference point. But as the trading of goods grew between nations, moving quantities of gold around places to settle payments of trade became cumbersome, risky and time consuming. Therefore, a system was sought by which the payment of trades could be settled in the seller’s local currency. But how much of buyer’s local currency should be equal to the seller’s local currency?
The answer was simple. The strength of a country’s currency depended on the amount of gold reserves the country maintained. So, if country A’s gold reserves are double the gold reserves of country B, country A’s currency will be twice in value when exchanged with the currency of country B. This became to be known as The Gold Standard. Around 1880, The Gold Standard was accepted and used worldwide.
During the first WORLD WAR, in order to fulfill the enormous financing needs, paper money was created in quantities that far exceeded the gold reserves. The currencies lost their standard parities and caused a gross distortion in the country’s standing in terms of its foreign liabilities and assets.
After the end of the second WORLD WAR the western allied powers attempted to solve the problem at the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire in 1944. In the first three weeks of July 1944, delegates from 45 nations gathered at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The delegates met to discuss the postwar recovery of Europe as well as a number of monetary issues, such as unstable exchange rates and protectionist trade policies.
During the 1930s, many of the world’s major economies had unstable currency exchange rates. As well, many nations used restrictive trade policies. In the early 1940s, the United States and Great Britain developed proposals for the creation of new international financial institutions that would stabilize exchange rates and boost international trade. There was also a recognized need to organize a recovery of Europe in the hopes of avoiding the problems that arose after the First World War.
The delegates at Bretton Woods reached an agreement known as the Bretton Woods Agreement to establish a postwar international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed exchange rates and free trade. To facilitate these objectives, the agreement created two international institutions: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank). The intention was to provide economic aid for reconstruction of postwar Europe. An initial loan of $250 million to France in 1947 was the World Bank’s first act.
Under the Bretton Woods Exchange System, the currencies of participating nations could be converted into the US dollar at a fixed rate, and foreign central banks could convert the US dollar into gold at a fixed rate. In other words, the US dollar replaced the then dominant British Pound and the parities of the world’s leading currencies were pegged against the US Dollar.

2010-03-09T04:55:00.000-08:00

Introduction
Description of the Forex
The Forex market, established in 1971, was created when floating exchange rates began to materialize. The Forex market is not centralized, like in currency futures or stock markets. Trading occurs over computers and telephones at thousands of locations worldwide.
The Foreign Exchange market, commonly referred as FOREX, is where banks, investors and speculators exchange one currency to another. The largest foreign exchange activity retains the spot exchange (i.e.., immediate) between five major currencies: US Dollar, British Pound, Japanese Yen, Eurodollar and the Swiss Franc. It is also the largest financial market in the world. In comparison, the US stock market may trade $10 billion in one day, whereas the Forex market will trade up to $2 trillion in one single day. The Forex market is an opened 24 hours a day market where the primary market for currencies is the 24-hour Interbank market. This market follows the sun around the world, moving from the major banking centres of the United States to Australia and New Zealand to the Far East, to Europe and finally back to the Unites States.
Until now, professional traders from major international commercial and investment banks have dominated the FX market. Other market participants range from large multinational corporations, global money managers, registered dealers, international money brokers, and futures and options traders, to private speculators.
There are three main reasons to participate in the FX market. One is to facilitate an actual transaction, whereby international corporations convert profits made in foreign currencies into their domestic currency. Corporate treasurers and money managers also enter the FX market in order to hedge against unwanted exposure to future price movements in the currency market. The third and more popular reason is speculation for profit. In fact, today it is estimated that less than 5% of all trading on the FX market is actually facilitating a true commercial transaction.
The FX market is considered an Over The Counter (OTC) or ‘Interbank’ market, due to the fact that transactions are conducted between two counterparts over the telephone or via an electronic network. Trading is not centralized on an exchange, as with the stock and futures markets. A true 24-hour market, Forex trading begins each day in Sydney, and moves around the globe as the business day begins in each financial center, first to Tokyo, London, and New York. Unlike any other financial market, investors can respond to currency fluctuations caused by economic, social and political events at the time they occur - day or night.

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Animating and Drawing
4-Legged Animals
PDF created February 19, 2000 Author Unknown: Maybe Glen Keane

Animating Four Legged Creatures

Attitude

If you aren’t sure how to draw an attitude - draw it using a simpler 2-legged character first.
Attitude is first, then put it on model

Let the Entire body reflect the attitude.

Follow rhythm from head to tail

Comparative Anatomy
Note tuck after ribcage.
(Cats tend not to have this "tuck")

Comparative Anatomy

This placement of the scapula is why a dog has very limited lateral movement with its front legs, as compared to the degree of freedomwe have with our arms.

Comparative Anatomy

An animal walks on his toes and "fingers". This gives his walk a springy, light feel.

An animal walks in basically the same pattern as a human crawls.

Squash & Stretch

As weight comes down on the foreleg, the scapula rises above backline.

Animation Drawing Points
Line of action reverses in animal walks

Animal Drawing Points

Watch for static leg placement. Neck tapers show Muscular necks on bigger dogs.

2D images

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animation images

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2D image

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2

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art images

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2D image

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disney images

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art pictures

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Disney image

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animations image in 2D

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2d animation images

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outlines images

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pencil image

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kids images

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animation image

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2d image

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2d image

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2d animations images

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pictures

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game images

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